Accra: Leprosy, also known as Hansen's disease, is a chronic bacterial infection that primarily affects the skin, nerves, and peripheral parts of the body such as the hands, feet, and face. Despite being an ancient disease, it remains present in Ghana, with 231 cases reported nationwide in 2022.
According to Ghana Web, leprosy is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium leprae. It spreads through droplets from the nose and mouth during close, prolonged contact with an infected person, similar to how respiratory illnesses are transmitted. However, most people, about 90% worldwide, are naturally immune and will not contract the disease. Those with weakened immune systems or prolonged exposure are at higher risk.
Leprosy has a very long incubation period, taking up to a decade before symptoms appear. Individuals may unknowingly harbor the infection for years, potentially exposing others. Early symptoms to watch for include hypopigmented (lighter-colored) patches on the skin, loss of sensation in affected areas, dry skin, lack of sweating in affected regions, and facial changes, such as difficulty closing eyelids in advanced cases.
In 2022, 221 new leprosy cases were recorded nationwide. Early symptoms can be subtle, making it important for individuals to visit a clinic for diagnosis. A layperson may not recognize leprosy until deformities begin to appear. Leprosy is more common in poorer communities where overcrowding and malnutrition compromise immunity. In Ghana, the Upper East and Upper West regions report the highest number of cases each year.
The good news is that leprosy is completely treatable. Free multidrug therapy is available in Ghana, and patients who complete treatment can return to their communities fully cured. Early detection is key to preventing disabilities. The Ghana Health Service continues to educate communities about early signs and symptoms, provide clinical diagnosis and free treatment at leprosariums, conduct contact tracing to prevent further spread, and address stigma to ensure patients are treated with dignity.
Anyone noticing unusual skin changes, numbness, or other symptoms must seek medical attention immediately. Early diagnosis and treatment save lives, prevent deformities, and stop the disease from spreading. Leprosy may be a neglected tropical disease, but with awareness, timely treatment, and community support, it is a fully manageable condition.